Process Advantages
Engineered blow molding offers a highly versatile process for fabricating parts. Effective designs for its blow molding take advantage of the inherent advantages of the process:
- “Hollow” aspect of design
- Strength-to-weight structural integrity
- Suitability for large shapes
Process Limitations
- Extent to which material can be stretched
- Degree to which complexity/detail can be reproduced
- Part length limitation by material melt strength
The design must also make economic sense compared to other processes and materials.
The design/processing relationship
Engineered blow molding forms parts by blowing a hollow parison outward to conform to the shape of the mold (Fig.1). Inherent to this process is stretching of the thermoplastic resin material. That stretching thins the walls. Forcing the material to stretch too much may make it impossible control wallsection thickness or even cause the parison to rupture/fracture.
Fig.1: Basic principle of blow moulding
How much stretching occurs in the blow molding of the parison is determined by the degree of asymmetry in the basic shape and by amount of complexity and localized detail in the part.
The designer can evaluate the suitability of a part for blow molding by examining the blow ratio conditions in the part. The term blow ratio describes a relationship between depth and width, and relates to the amount of material stretching that results.
The case-by-case approach
Each case must be considered separately. The following approach is suggested:
- Examine the basic shape for blow ratio problems. The amount of sideways parison travel should be less than parison length. One way to address the problem is to make sure that the part is properly oriented in the tool.
- Review complex sections and part details. Figure 2 shows the local area of complexity.
- Decreasing the width W or increasing the depth D will require the material to stretch more to force through opening.
- Filling this detail will cause gains, particularly at corners.
- Minimize depth, and maximize width
Fig.2: Review the design’s blow ratio to assure moldability
Multiple blow ratios
A part may have dozens of blow ratio conditions if the design is a complex one. Fig.3 shows a situation where there are two separate conditions in a single area of detail. These conditions should be studied early on to determine whether various details can be reproduced in molding. Experience provides the best guide to assessing moldability and predicting local wall thickness.
Fig.3: Two separate conditions in a single area of detail.
This example of the part shown in Fig.4 demonstrates what happens when three blow ratios exist.
Fig.4: A part with 3 blow ratios
First the mold closes and the parison begins to expand.- After contact with the first blow ratio condition, thinning of the parison begins.
- Next the parison expands into the second opening.
- More thinning occurs after the second condition is encountered.
- Next the parison expands into third opening.
- With the third condition maximum thinning takes place.
Designing for Basic Shapes
Some common blow molded shapes present standard situations.
- Part is oriented so that the longest side is parallel to direction of parison drop (Fig.5).
- Parison is pinched and preblown before the mold is closed.
- Mold closing action flattens “round” parison into shape.
- Corners tend to thin the most.
Fig.5: Basic shape
L-shapes
- Part is oriented at an angle to minimize the amount of stretching (Fig.6).
- Closing mold pushes the parison fl at into shape.
- Thinning occurs at angles and corners.
- Some L-shapes cannot be molded because the require too much stretching.
Fig.6: L-shaped part
U-shapes
Parts that are U-shaped are of limited moldability (Fig.7).
- “Legs” must be short to avoid a material distribution problem.
- Center section is oriented in the direction of the parison.
- Locate centroid and balance amount of material in each half of the tool.
Fig.7: “U”-shaped part
S-shapes
The moldability of S-shapes is also limited (Fig.8)
- Orient so as to minimize the parison travel.
- Material thinning occurs at edges and corners.
Fig.8: “S”-shaped part
Hollow shapes are inherently stronger because of their structure. This existing structure can be enhanced without changing the material in three basic ways:
- Increase the nominal wall thickness of the part.
- Balance section modulus through ribbing a single wall (Fig.9).
Fig.9: Ribbing
- Develop compression tacking details or patterns (Fig.10). Sidewalls are forced together by the closing action of the mold to form a single wall. This creates local areas with locally thick walls. It also develops localized beam sections more resistant to bending, tension and torsion. Beware of “read-through” from compression; avoid tacking in appearance areas.
Fig.10: Compression tacking details or patterns
Summary
- Take maximum advantage of the inherent process strengths.
- Develop a basic shape that can be molded.
- Assess the moldability of details, and avoid blow ratio problems.
- Build structure into the part.
- Seek to make the design as simple as possible.
- Check economics against other process approaches.
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